Questions on Public Health

Heat stress index is what human being experience when their body humidity and temperature are high. While one is at rest, radiation is that process whereby the body discharges excess heat. Evaporation is the process of dissipating of heat by loss of water through sweat during an exercise. Convection, on the other hand is the process whereby heat is transferred from muscles that are working and the surface of the skin. Metabolism is the set of transformation of chemicals that sustain the life within cells of the body. Oxygen required is the oxygen that is basically needed for the body to be able to function normally. Among all of them, oxygen required would be very effective in the controlling of heat stress related.

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Reference

Leithead, C. S., & Lind, A. R. (1964). Heat Stress and heat disorders. London: Cassell.

Question 6

The Life Safety Code which is known as the National Fire Protection Association 101 is an unanimity standard that has been adopted widely in the United States. It is therefore administered, copyrighted, trademarked and even published by the National Fire Protection association. It relates to egress as the standard addresses features of construction that minimize the danger of fire to life. This is through exit signs that might be a way out of the catastrophe. While on the other hand, the standards emphases greatly on the emergency evacuation features in case there was a fire outbreak.

Reference

National Fire Protection Association. (2011). NFPA 101 life safety code. Quincy, MA:National Fire Protection Association.

Question 7

A tribometer is a tool that is used to measure the tribological quantities, which may include friction force, wear volume and even coefficient of friction between two surfaces that are in contact with each other. There are different types of barometers and they include, block on ring, and pin on disc, twin disc, schwingungs and bouncing ball. Pin on disc is used in the providence of friction and wear test for friction on low coatings. The bouncing ball is used in finding the characteristics that are shear of lubricants that are under high pressure. The modern four ball and the twin disk tester are the tribometer models that study of behavior of the wear and friction of almost all material that is solid with a combination of varying contact velocity, pressure humidity, time and velocity and thus best represent the slip resistance of a surface.

Reference

Marinescu, I. D. (2012). Tribology of abrasive machining processes. Norwich, N.Y: William Andrew.

Question 9

The final construction method and makeup and of a walking surface material of construction is a very important element which determines friction on a walking surface and its level of hazard. The other factor that might contribute to one tripping is surface continuity whereby a person adjusts his or her strides to the walking surface of continuity that is anticipated. The others are architectural elements such as illuminations and even human factors. The architectural elements could although be controlled using engineering methods. The most difficult factor to control is the human factors. This is simply because, the brain modifies to the surface they are walking on and a slight change may lead to a trip or a fall as the brain had already adapted.

Reference

Bakken, G. M., & Hyde, A. S. (2007). Slips, trips, missteps, and their consequences. Tucson, AZ: Lawyers & Judges Pub. Co.Question 12

Occupational hygiene are evaluations that are carried out to assess the exposure of workers to hazard material that are harmful to inhalation as well as in the providence of required information for the design or even to test the efficiency of the control measures. The other one is exposure assessment. Which mainly focuses on the procedures which take place at the interface into the environment containing the interested contaminants and workers are being considered. The occupational hygiene evaluations are most effective when it comes to providing the most accurate measure of an employees exposure to hazardous material.

Reference

Bullock, W. H., Ignacio, J. S., & American Industrial Hygiene Association. (2006). A strategy for assessing and managing occupational exposures. Fairfax, VA: AIHA Press, American Industrial Hygiene Association.

Question 13

The new labels of the OSHA standards that updated the Hazardous Communication Standards have been very effective in the workplace. There has been labeling of chemicals and toxic components. Pipes are also being labeled together with small packages that offer direction of use and precautions to undertake. In regard to NFPA, the labeling of egress and emergency evacuations in the cases of a fire outbreak while HMIS gives precautionary statements temperature regulations and humidity in the working environment. DOT labels are also very important as they give instructions and compliance signs that are broad and clear on hazardous materials that might be compressed gases, explosives liquids that are flammable, corrosive liquids, materials that are radioactive, oxidizers, flammable solid and even miscellaneous. Out of all the four of them, DOT provides the most information about the chemical safety to employees as it has major and clear precautions on chemicals.

Reference

Bailey, M. A. (2015). Occupational safety and health law handbook.

Question 14

Noise control is a set of master plans to reduce pollution of noise and to further reduce the impact that noise has whether it is indoors or outdoors. The three methods of noise control are controlling noise at the source by the use of working technologies or even methods that are quieter. The second method is through the reduction of the noise at the path of transmission as it separates the noise source from the sensitive uses of noise. Finally it is to also to protect at the receiver end by facing away from the sources of the noise. In a case where a fan motor is producing an eight-hour TWA noise exposure to an operator at 92 dBA, I would recommend reducing the noise at the source by enclosing the noise.

Reference

Wilson, C. E. (2006). Noise control. Malabar, Fla: Krieger.

Question 15

Ionization is that process whereby electrons are moved from their original orbit around a definite atom that causes the atom to become charged which is ionized. This process normally occurs when the radiation of strengths that are sufficient interact with the atoms that are normal. When radiation is not really that powerful to trigger this entire process, then it is known as non-ionizing. Non-ionizing is capable of exciting the movement of the atoms simply, and heating the atoms up. An example of occupational exposure to ionizing radiation is through exposure to radioactive materials while ionizing is through manufacturing and the construction through a nondestructive testing and measurements in order to increase the uniformity and the quality of the product and to reduce waste. The difference between them is very beneficial in attempts to influence the control methods that reused for these types of radiation.

Reference

Michaelson, S. M., Miller, M. W., Magin, R., & Carstensen, E. L. (1975). Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Nonionizing Radiation. Boston, MA: Springer US.

Question 16

Routes of exposure of hazardous materials include inhalation, which is the primary route of entry. Nearly all of the materials being used are airborne and can easily be inhaled. The other entry route is absorption which is through the skin. Absorption could be rapid in instances where the skin is abraded or even cut. Ingestion is another entry route where the toxic material might be swallowed and enters the body. The final entry route is though injection of sharp objects that allow entry of agents that are infectious. Each route of exposure influences the type of control method. For example inhalation, absorption and ingestion, one should cover up their faces while for injection; one should cover their skin while working with toxic substances.

Reference

Noll, G. G., Hildebrand, M. S., Rudner, G. D., & Schnepp, R. (2014). Hazardous materials: Managing the incident.